浅谈实施社区矫正工作的意义/张石坤

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  摘 要:社区矫正是适应我国社会发展和民主法制建设需要的一项刑罚执行制度的改革与探索,符合我国“宽严相济”和“给出路”的刑事政策。社区矫正促进矫正对象与社会的重新融合,避免他们重新犯罪,真正达到化解矛盾纠纷、促进和谐社会的目标。
  关键词:社区矫正 和谐社会

  社区矫正工作是将不需要监禁或不再需要继续监禁的罪犯(目前我国适用的主要是缓刑、假释、管制、剥夺政治权利、暂与监外执行五类罪犯)置于社区之内,遵循社会管理规定,运用社会工作方法,整合社会资源和力量对其进行思想上的教育、改造,在判决或裁定规定的期限内,矫正其犯罪意识和行为恶习,并促使其尽快、顺利回归社会的非监禁刑罚执行活动。它所采用的是开放型的、更注重思想改造效果的改造方式。这一改造方式,较之传统刑罚执行模式,具有较大的社会优越性,是社会文明进步的表现,也是国家刑罚体系完善的表现。具体而言,社区矫正正是因为具备了以下意义,才会被我们的立法者从诸多的刑罚革命的尝试中选定,并且在试点的基础上进一步推广。

  一、社区矫正能够为构建和谐社会创造条件

  矫正工作是适应我国社会发展和民主法制建设需要的一项刑罚执行制度的改革探索,是司法体制和工作体制改革的重要组成部分,符合我国“宽严相济”和“给出路”的刑事政策,有利于对那些不需要、不适应监禁的罪犯有针对性地实施矫正措施,充分利用社会各方面力量有效地教育改造犯罪,提高教育改造质量,挽救失足者,防止重新犯罪,为构建和谐社会是有十分重要意义。社区矫正是对较为轻微的犯罪人采取的一种非监禁的行刑方式,通过社会化、法制化和人性化的矫正方式,预防犯罪、减少犯罪、化消极因素为积极因素,从源头上控制和减少不和谐因素,确保群众安居乐业,为全面建设小康社会,创造一个和谐、稳定的政治环境和社会环境创造条件。

  二、社区矫正能够有效预防犯罪,减少危害社会和谐的不安定因素

  社区矫正可以有效地防止犯罪人到监狱中受到犯罪行为交叉感染的危险,而且,在社区服刑矫正,因他们每天生活在社会中,人们亲眼看到他们的改造和转变,在感情上容易接受和宽容他们,有利于减少犯罪人对立情绪,使其尽快融入社会,减少重新犯罪。对罪行较轻、社会危害不大的罪犯放在社区进行教育改造,这是一项标本兼治的刑罚执行措施,有利于争取社会公众对国家刑罚活动的理解和支持,修复社会裂痕,解决社会问题,最大限度地化消极因素为积极因素,保持社会的和谐稳定。

  三、解决被社区矫正对象的后顾之忧,有利于犯罪人回归社会。

  获刑者在刑罚执行的过程中不犯新罪,在刑罚执行完毕不重新犯罪,是刑罚执行方式应该具备的功能。刑罚的功能是使罪犯得到教育、改造,获得新生,回归社会,与社会正常相处。在监禁矫正的情形下,服刑人员与社会隔绝,环境封闭,而我国正处于高速发展的阶段,社会环境的变化日新月异,许多犯罪人在服刑完毕后,根本无法适应新的社会环境,更缺乏谋生的手段,这是我国重新犯罪率居高不下的一个根本原因。社区矫正制度的设立使犯罪人在不与社会脱节的情况下,得到教育和改造,并可在矫正期间得到谋生技能的培训,这从根本上扭转了监禁矫正的弊端,有利于犯罪人回归社会。

  四、效益价值突出 ,有利于为国家节约大量的财政资源。

  社区矫正是将符合条件的部分罪犯放置在社区中,通过整合社会资源对其进行思想教育和行为约束,将监管费用分散转嫁到整个社会,由社会正常周转补给,这一制度有效减少了刑罚执行成本,缓解了监狱的压力,使监狱能够集中财力、警力、物力去矫正那些恶习较深,主观恶性较大,社会危害性较大,特别是矫正那些极端不配合改造的少数罪犯;

  总之,开展社区矫正工作,是民主与法制建设到一定阶段的必然要求,是社会文明进步的一种方式,是构建社会主义和谐社会的必然要求。社区矫正的本质就在于对犯罪人进行治理、修复,为犯罪人架起再社会化的桥梁。犯罪人教育改造质量的好坏,他们走向社会之后是否真正认罪服法以及是否重新犯罪,关系到社会及公众的安全,进而影响到构建社会主义和谐社会的进程。因此,我们应该正确认识社区矫正在矫正犯罪中的重要作用,大力推行矫正制度,不断改革完善社区矫正制度,使社区矫正产生强大的生命力。

  
参考文献:《社区矫正工作对建设和谐社会的意义》

  谢 添《论社区矫正制度的发展与完善》


  作者:景县人民检察院监所科 张石坤
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中共辽宁省委贯彻《中国共产党农村基层组织工作条例》实施细则

中共辽宁省委


中共辽宁省委贯彻《中国共产党农村基层组织工作条例》实施细则
中共辽宁省委


第一章 总则
第一条 为贯彻《中国共产党农村基层组织工作条例》(中发〔1999〕16号),加强和改进党的农村基层组织建设,加强和改善党对农村工作的领导,保证党在农村各项方针政策的落实,推动农村经济发展和社会全面进步,结合我省实际情况,制定本实施细则。
第二条 本实施细则所称党的农村基层组织是指乡镇党的委员会、乡镇级农村经济管理区党的委员会(以下简称乡镇党委)和村党支部(含总支、党委,下同)。
第三条 本实施细则适用于全省行政区域内党的农村基层组织。城市郊区以农村工作为主的街道党委、居民委员会党支部(总支、党委)可参照执行。
第四条 党的农村基层组织是党在农村全部工作和战斗力的基础,是乡镇、村各种组织和各项工作的领导核心,必须以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论为指导,认真贯彻党的路线方针政策,坚持党要管党和从严治党,努力成为团结带领群众建设有中国特色社会主义新农村的
坚强战斗堡垒。

第二章 组织设置
第五条 乡镇应当设立党的基层委员会,委员会由7-9名委员组成,由党员大会或者党员代表大会选举产生,每届任期三年。
第六条 有正式党员3名以上的村,应当成立党支部;不足3名的,可与邻近村联合成立党支部。党员人数超过50名的村,或党员人数虽不足50名,但村办企业具备成立党支部条件的村,因工作需要,可以成立党的总支部。党员人数100名以上的村,根据工作需要,经县级地方
党委批准,可以成立党的基层委员会;村党委受乡镇党委领导。
第七条 村党支部、总支部和党的基层委员会由党员大会选举产生。村党支部由3-5名委员组成,最多不超过7名;村党总支部委员会由5-7名委员组成,最多不超过9名;村党的基层委员会由5-9名委员组成。村党支部、总支部、党的基层委员会每届任期均为三年。
第八条 乡(镇)、村集体企业,建在农村的私营企业、外商投资企业、股份制和股份合作制企业,农村集贸市场,乡(镇)村中小学、医院等单位,凡具备建立党组织条件的,都要建立健全党的组织;因党员数量少,不具备建立党组织条件的,可与其他单位联合建立党组织。党组织
的组建原则可参照本实施细则第六、七条执行。其隶属关系应根据地区、单位和行业特点,按照行政管理、属地管理、产权关系管理和行业归口管理等原则确定。
第九条 县以上有关部门驻乡镇的单位,应当根据党员人数和工作需要,建立党的基层组织。这些党组织,除中央另有规定外,受乡镇党委领导。
第十条 乡镇工作机构设置和人员配备,应当坚持精干高效,加强服务,密切联系群众的原则,严格执行上级的有关规定。村干部误工补贴人数和标准的确定,应当从实际出发,从严掌握。

第三章 职责任务
第十一条 乡镇党委的主要职责是:
(一)结合本乡镇实际,认真贯彻执行党的路线方针政策和上级党组织及本乡镇党员代表大会(党员大会)的决议。
(二)讨论决定本乡镇经济建设和社会发展中的重大问题。需由乡镇政权机关或集体经济组织决定的问题,由乡镇政权机关或集体经济组织依照法律和有关规定作出决定。
(三)领导乡镇政权机关和共青团、妇联等群众组织,支持和保证这些机关和组织依照国家法律法规及各自章程充分行使职权。
(四)加强乡镇党委自身建设和以党支部为核心的村级组织建设,加强乡镇机关和乡镇企业党的建设。
(五)按照干部管理权限,负责对干部的教育、培养、选拔和监督工作。协助管理上级有关部门驻乡镇单位的干部。
(六)领导本乡镇的社会主义民主法制建设和精神文明建设,做好社会治安综合治理及计划生育工作。
第十二条 村党支部的主要职责是:
(一)结合本村实际,认真贯彻执行党的路线方针政策和上级党组织及本村党员大会的决议。
(二)讨论决定本村经济建设和社会发展中的重要问题。需由村民委员会、村民会议或集体经济组织决定的事情,由村民委员会、村民会议或集体经济组织依照法律和有关规定作出决定。
(三)领导和推进村级民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督,支持和保障村民依法开展自治活动。领导村民委员会、村集体经济组织和共青团、妇代会、民兵等群众组织,支持和保证这些组织依照国家法律法规及各自章程充分行使职权。
(四)搞好支部委员会的自身建设,对党员进行教育、管理和监督。负责对要求入党的积极分子进行教育和培养,做好发展党员工作。
(五)负责村、组干部和村办企业管理人员的教育管理和监督。
(六)搞好本村的社会主义精神文明建设和社会治安、计划生育工作。
第十三条 党员人数较多的村党支部,可以划分若干党小组。党小组在支部委员会领导下开展工作,组织党员学习和参加组织生活,检查党员履行义务、行使权利和执行支部委员会、党员大会决议的情况,反映党员、群众的意见和要求。

第四章 经济建设
第十四条 党的农村基层组织应当加强对经济工作的领导,把深化农村改革,发展农村经济,组织带领群众实现共同富裕和共同进步,作为一切工作的出发点和落脚点。
(一)继续深化农村改革,坚持以家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的经营制度,稳定和完善党在农村的土地等各业承包政策,健全社会化服务体系,强化对农民的系列服务,搞活粮食等农产品流通。
(二)从本地实际出发,明确经济发展思路,领导制定本地经济发展规划和年度计划,并组织、动员各方面力量认真实施。领导和支持行政组织、村民自治组织、集体经济组织管理好集体资产,搞好集体资源开发,大力发展农村经济,增加农民收入。
(三)稳定发展粮食生产,积极发展多种经营。调整和优化农村产业结构,发展“两高一优”农业,积极推进农业产业化经营。
(四)立足本地优势,大力发展乡镇企业。搞好乡镇企业的结构优化和体制创新。面向市场需求,发挥本地优势,积极发展农副产品加工业和储藏、保鲜、运销业,积极推进吸引外资,发展出口创汇和高新技术产业,推进“嫁接”改造,促进产品更新换代,加强经营管理,不断提高经
济效益。
(五)加强以水利为重点的农业基本建设。搞好小流域综合治理,植树造林,防止水土流失,不断改善本地农业的生产条件和生态环境,实现农业可持续发展。
(六)切实减轻农民负担。认真执行党关于减轻农民负担的政策,严格控制村提留、乡统筹数额;禁止一切乱收费、乱集资、乱罚款,禁止各种摊派;禁止一切违反国家规定,要农民群众出钱、出物、出工的达标升级活动;精简机构、人员,压缩不合理开支;认真查处加重农民负担的
行为。
(七)采取有效措施,搞好扶贫攻坚。通过落实责任制,开展党群共同致富活动,采取乡镇、村干部和党员帮带等多种措施,搞好扶贫开发,帮助农村贫困户发展生产,勤劳致富,切实解决本地农村贫困人口的脱贫问题。
(八)加强对党员和群众的科技知识教育。大力推广和普及适合本地实际的农村实用技术知识,切实提高党员、群众的科技文化素质,实施科技兴农,走依靠科技发展本地经济的路子。

第五章 精神文明建设
第十五条 党的农村基层组织要坚持“两手抓,两手都要硬”的方针,制定本地的社会主义精神文明建设规划,并认真组织实施,保证社会主义物质文明建设和精神文明建设协调发展,促进农村经济和社会的全面进步。
第十六条 对群众进行爱国主义、集体主义和社会主义教育,党的基本路线和方针政策教育,思想道德和民主法制教育,引导农民正确处理国家、集体、个人三者之间的利益关系,培养有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的新型农民。
第十七条 搞好小城镇建设,改善村镇面貌,创造文明卫生的生活环境;加强农村文化设施建设,开展健康有益的文体活动;改善办学条件,普及义务教育;开展创建文明乡镇、文明村和文明户活动;搞好计划生育,提高人口素质;坚持移风易俗,宣传好人好事,弘扬正气,崇尚科学
,破除封建迷信,树立社会主义风尚。
第十八条 加强思想政治工作,做好人民调解工作。了解群众的思想状况,帮助解决群众的实际困难,及时疏导和化解人民内部矛盾,搞好社会治安综合治理,保持农村社会稳定。

第六章 干部队伍和领导班子建设
第十九条 农村基层干部要不断提高自身素质。要认真学习马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想特别是邓小平理论,学习法律法规知识、市场经济知识和科技文化知识。积极参加上级党组织的岗位培训和轮训,加强经常性学习,通过学习,不断提高贯彻执行党的基本路线和方针政策的自觉性
,增强带领群众发展经济、搞好两个文明建设的本领。
第二十条 农村基层干部要自觉加强思想作风建设。认真实践党的全心全意为人民服务的宗旨,坚持实事求是,不准虚报浮夸;坚持依法办事,不准违法乱纪;坚持艰苦奋斗,不准奢侈浪费;坚持说服教育,不准强迫命令;坚持廉洁奉公,不准以权谋私。
第二十一条 农村基层干部要自觉接受党组织、党员和农民群众以及新闻舆论的监督,不断改进工作。
第二十二条 党的农村基层组织的领导班子,应当由认真贯彻执行党的路线方针政策,清正廉洁,公道正派,群众拥护,能够带领群众完成各项任务的党员组成。乡镇党委书记还应具有一定的理论和政策水平。较强的组织协调能力,熟悉党务工作和农村工作,具有大专或相当于大专以
上文化。村党支部书记还应具备一定的政策水平,善于做群众工作,具有初中以上文化。
第二十三条 党的农村基层组织领导班子主要负责人要坚持多形式、多渠道选拔。村党支部书记一般应实行公开选拔,竞争上岗。对于确实没有合适人选的村,可以采取从县(市、区)乡镇机关下派,从乡镇企业选派,从邻村调派等形式和渠道选拔。
第二十四条 党的农村基层组织领导班子应当贯彻党的实事求是的思想路线。反映情况,安排工作,决定问题,必须实事求是,一切从实际出发,说实话、办实事、求实效。杜绝形式主义、虚报浮夸等行为。
第二十五条 党的农村基层组织领导班子应当贯彻党的群众路线。相信群众,决定重大问题要同群众商量;依靠群众,完成各项任务要向群众讲清道理,发动群众共同完成,防止简单粗暴,强迫命令;尊重群众,认真听取群众意见,不断改进自身工作;关心群众,帮助他们解决生产、
生活中的实际困难,维护他们的合法权益。
第二十六条 党的农村基层组织领导班子应当贯彻党的民主集中制。坚持集体领导和个人分工负责相结合的制度。凡属重要问题必须经过集体讨论决定,不允许个人或者少数人说了算。书记要敢于负责,有民主作风,善于发挥每个委员的作用。委员要积极参与和维护集体领导,主动做
好分工负责的工作。
第二十七条 党的农村基层组织领导班子应当自觉增强团结,保持清正廉洁、公道正派的良好作风。班子成员要带头讲学习、讲政治、讲正气,经常开展谈心活动,按上级有关规定召开民主生活会,进行批评和自我批评,防止好人主义。每年对班子成员进行一次民主评议,不断增强班
子的团结和战斗力。
第二十八条 党的农村基层组织领导班子应当坚持政务(村务)公开、民主管理制度。凡是涉及农民群众利益的重要问题,都要定期或随时公开,自觉接受党员和群众的监督。
第二十九条 党的农村基层组织领导班子应当加强后备干部队伍建设。大力培养优秀年轻干部,并切实加强对他们的教育培训工作,使他们在实践中锻炼成长。对德才兼备的后备干部要及时充实到领导班子中来,不断改善领导班子的结构。

第七章 党员队伍建设
第三十条 要广泛、深入开展党群共同致富活动。党的农村基层组织要从本地实际出发,积极组织党员参加党群共同致富专业区、专业组、服务组、责任组等党群共同致富组织,并教育党员在共同致富组织的生产服务、产品销售、技术指导、扶贫帮困、思想工作等方面,充分发挥骨干
作用,带领群众共同致富。农村党员要带头执行党和国家的各项政策,认真完成组织交给的任务,在社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设中发挥先锋模范作用。
第三十一条 要加强对党员的教育。党的农村基层组织要通过上党课、树立先进典型、召开组织生活会、开展党员目标管理和“争先创优”活动等形式,加强对党员的马列主义、毛泽东思想特别是邓小平理论的教育,党在农村方针政策和党的基本知识教育,社会主义市场经济知识、农
村实用技术知识、法律法规知识教育;要充分利用乡镇党校、农业广播学校、农业函授大学、实用人才学校等阵地,加强对党员的系统培训,每年培训一至二次,使党员不断提高自身素质。
第三十二条 要加强党组织的制度建设。党的农村基层组织要支持和健全党委会、支委会、党员代表大会、党员大会制度。坚持和健全党组织生活制度,村党支部要每月召开一次组织生活会。坚持和健全民主评议党员制度,结合年终工作总结,每年对党员进行一次民主评议。
第三十三条 要加强对党员的管理。对在家、外出和外来党员都要严格管理,区别不同情况,采取不同措施,使每个党员不论走到哪里,从事什么工作,都在党组织的管理之中。
第三十四条 严格执行党的纪律。党的农村基层组织要加强对党员的遵纪守法教育。党员违犯党的纪律,必须按照党章和有关规定进行严肃查处,并加强教育,帮助他们改正错误。
第三十五条 要做好发展新党员工作。认真抓好农村青年的思想政治教育,做好“推优”工作。加强对入党积极分子的教育、培养和考察,按照“坚持标准、保证质量、改善结构、慎重发展”的方针和有关规定,做好发展党员工作。要注意吸收那些能够带领群众共同致富、有文化的优
秀青年和妇女入党。一般情况下新党员要具有初中以上文化。村级党组织发展党员必须经过乡镇党委审批。

第八章 附则
第三十六条 本细则由省委组织部负责解释。
第三十七条 本细则自发布之日起施行。



2000年1月20日

JOINT DECLARATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE QUESTION OF HONG KONG ——附加英文版

the Government of the People's Republic of China,Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern


JOINT DECLARATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE QUESTION OF HONG KONG


WHOLE DOCUMENT
  
  Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
  the Government of the People's Republic of China have reviewed 
with
  sfaction the friendly relations existing between the two 
Governments
  peoples in recent years and agreed that a proper negotiated
settlement
  he question of Hong Kong, which is left over from the past, is 
con-
  ve to the maintenance of the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong
and
  he further strengthening and development of the relations between 
the
  countries on a new basis. To this end, they have, after talks 
between
  delegations of the two Governments, agreed to declare as follows:
  
  he Government of the People's Republic of China declares 
that to
  ver the Hong Kong area (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and 
the
  Territories, hereinafter referred to as Hong Kong) is the 
common
  ration of the entire Chinese people, and that it has decided to
resume
  exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 July
1997.
  
  he Government of the United Kingdom declares that it will restore
Hong
  to the People's Republic of China with effect from 1 July 1997.
  
  he Government of the People's Republic of China declares 
that the
  c policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong 
are
  ollows:
  Upholding national unity and territorial integrity and taking 
account
  he history of Hong Kong and its realities, the People's 
Republic of
  a has decided to establish, in accordance with the 
provisions of
  cle 31 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, a 
Hong
  Special Administrative Region upon resuming the 
exercise  of
  reignty over Hong Kong.
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be directly
under the
  ority of the Central People's Government of the People's 
Republic of
  a. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy 
a high
  ee of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which are 
the
  onsibilities of the Central People's Government.
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be 
vested with
  utive, legislative and independent judicial power, including 
that of
  l adjudication. The laws currently in force in Hong Kong will 
remain
  cally unchanged.
  The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
will be
  osed of local inhabitants. The chief executive will be 
appointed by
  Central People's Government on the basis of the results of 
elections
  onsultations to be held locally. Principal officials will be
nominated
  he chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 
for
  intment by the Central People's Government. Chinese and 
foreign
  onals previously working in the public and police services 
in the
  rnment departments of Hong Kong may remain in employment. British 
and
  r foreign nationals may also be employed to serve as advisers or 
hold
  ain public posts in government departments of the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region.
  The current social and economic systems in Hong Kong will 
remain
  anged, and so will the life-style. Rights and freedoms, 
including
  e of the person, of speech, of the press, of assembly, of
association,
  ravel, of movement, of correspondence, of strike, of 
choice of
  pation, of academic research and of religious belief will be 
ensured
  aw in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Private 
property,
  rship of enterprises, legitimate right of inheritance and 
foreign
  stment will be protected by law.
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the
status of
  ee port and a separate customs territory.
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the
status of
  nternational financial centre, and its markets for foreign 
exchange,
  , securities and futures will continue. There will be free 
flow of
  tal. The Hong Kong dollar will continue to circulate and remain
freely
  ertible.
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will have 
independent
  nces. The Central People's Government will not levy taxes on the 
Hong
  Special Administrative Region.
  
  The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may establish 
mutually
  ficial economic relations with the United Kingdom and other
countries,
  e economic interests in Hong Kong will be given due regard.
  Using the name of "Hong Kong, China", the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region may on its own maintain and develop 
economic and
  ural relations and conclude relevant agreements with states, 
regions
  relevant international organizations. The Government of the
Hong Kong
  ial Administrative Region may on its own issue travel 
documents for
  y into and exit from Hong Kong.
  The maintenance of public order in the  Hong  Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region will be the responsibility of the Government
of the
  Kong Special Administrative Region.
  The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of 
China
  rding Hong Kong and the elaboration of them in Annex I to this 
Joint
  aration will be stipulated, in a Basic Law of the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region of the People's Republic of China, by the 
National
  le's Congress of the People's Republic of China, and they will 
remain
  anged for 50 years.
  
  he Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the
People's
  blic of China declare that, during the transitional period
between the
  of the entry into force of this Joint Declaration and 30 June 
1997,
  Government of the United Kingdom will be responsible 
for the
  nistration of Hong Kong with the object of maintaining and 
preserving
  economic prosperity and social stability; and that the 
Government of
  People's Republic of China will give its cooperation 
in this
  ection.
  
  he Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the
People's
  blic of China declare that, in order to ensure a smooth 
transfer of
  rnment in 1997, and with a view to the effective 
implementation of
  Joint Declaration, a Sino-British Joint Liaison Group will be set 
up
  this Joint Declaration enters into force; and that it 
will be
  blished and will function in accordance with the provisions of 
Annex
  o this Joint Declaration.
  
  he Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the
People's
  blic of China declare that land leases in Hong Kong and other 
related
  ers will be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Annex 
III
  his Joint Declaration.
  
  he Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the
People's
  blic of China agree to implement the preceding declarations 
and the
  xes to this Joint Declaration.
  
  his Joint Declaration is subject to ratification and shall enter 
into
  e on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification, 
which
  l take place in Beijing before 30 June 1985. This Joint 
Declaration
  its Annexes shall be equally binding. Done in duplicate at
Beijing on
  ecember 1984 in the English and Chinese languages, both texts 
being
  lly authentic.
  the                  For the
  rnment of the United Kingdom     Government of the
  reat Britain and Northern Ireland   People's Republic of China
  rate Thatcher             Zhao Ziyang
 ANNEX I: ELABORATION BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF 
CHINA OF ITS BASIC POLICIES REGARDING HONG KONG
  
  Government of the People's Republic of China elaborates the 
basic
  cies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong as set 
out
  aragraph 3 of the Joint Declaration of the Government of the 
United
  dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of 
the
  le's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong as follows:
  
  
  Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates in 
Article
  hat "the state may establish special administrative 
regions when
  ssary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative 
regions
  l be prescribed by laws enacted by the National People's 
Congress in
  light of the specific conditions." In accordance with this 
Article,
  People's Republic of China shall, upon the resumption of the 
exercise
  overeignty over Hong Kong on 1 July 1997, establish the Hong 
Kong
  ial Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.  
The
  onal People's Congress of the People's Republic of China shall 
enact
  promulgate a Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region
  he People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the 
Basic
  in accordance with the Constitution of the People's 
Republic of
  a, stipulating that after the establishment of the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region the socialist system and socialist policies 
shall
  be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and 
that
  Kong's previous capitalist system and life-style shall 
remain
  anged for 50 years.
  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be directly 
under the
  ority of the Central People's Government of the People's 
Republic of
  a and shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy. Except for foreign 
and
  nce affairs which are the responsibilities of the Central 
People's
  rnment, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be 
vested
  executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including
that
  inal adjudication. The Central People's Government shall
authorise the
  Kong Special Administrative Region to conduct on its own 
those
  rnal affairs specified in Section XI of this Annex.
  government and legislature of the Hong Kong Special 
Administrative
  on shall be composed of local inhabitants. The chief executive
of the
  Kong Special Administrative Region shall be selected by 
election or
  ugh consultations held locally and be appointed by the 
Central
  le's Government. Principal officials (equivalent to Secretaries)
shall
  nominated by the chief executive of  the  Hong  Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region and appointed by the Central People's 
Government.
  legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 
shall be
  tituted by elections. The executive authorities shall abide by
the law
  shall be accountable to the legislature.
  ddition to Chinese, English may also be used in organs of 
government
  in the courts in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
  t from displaying the national flag and national emblem 
of the
  le's Republic of China, the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region
  use a regional flag and emblem of its own.
  
  
  r the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region,
  laws previously in force in Hong Kong (i. e. the common law, rules 
of
  ty, ordinances, subordinate legislation and customary law) 
shall be
  tained, save for any that contravene the Basic Law and subject
to any
  dment by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region legislature. 
The
  slative power of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
shall be
  ed in the Legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region.
  legislature may on its own authority enact laws in accordance with
the
  isions of the Basic Law and legal procedures, and report them to 
the
  ding Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. 
Laws
  ted by the legislature which are in accordance with the Basic Law 
and
  l procedures shall be regarded as valid.
  laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be the
Basic
  and the laws previously in force in Hong Kong and laws enacted
by the
  Kong Special Administrative Region legislature as above.
  
  
  r the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region,
  judicial system previously practised in Hong Kong shall be 
maintained
  pt for those changes consequent upon the vesting in the courts
of the
  Kong Special Administrative Region of  the  power  of 
final
  dication.
  cial power in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 
shall be
  ed in the courts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 
The
  ts shall exercise judicial power independently and free 
from any
  rference. Members of the judiciary shall be immune from legal 
action
  espect of their judicial functions. The courts shall decide 
cases in
  rdance with the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region
  may refer to precedents in other common law jurisdictions. 
Judges of
  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region courts shall be 
appointed by
  chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 
acting
  accordance with the recommendation of an independent 
commission
  osed of local judges, persons from the legal profession and 
other
  ent persons. Judges shall be chosen by reference to their 
judicial
  ities and may be recruited from other common law 
jurisdictions. A
  e may only be removed for inability to discharge the functions
of his
  ce, or for misbehaviour, by the chief executive of the 
Hong Kong
  ial Administrative Region acting in accordance with the
recommendation
  tribunal appointed by the chief judge of the court of final 
appeal,
  isting of not fewer than three local judges. 
Additionally, the
  intment or removal of principal judges (i. e. those of the 
highest
  ) shall be made by the chief executive with the endorsement of 
the
  Kong Special Administrative Region legislature and reported 
to the
  ding Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. 
The
  em of appointment and removal of judicial officers other than 
judges
  l be maintained.
  power of final judgment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region
  l be vested in the court of final appeal in the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region, which may as required invite judges from 
other
  on law jurisdictions to sit on the court of final appeal.
  osecuting authority of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region
  l control criminal prosecutions free from any interference.
  he basis of the system previously operating in Hong Kong, the 
Hong
  Special Administrative Region Government shall on its 
own make
  ision for local lawyers and lawyers from outside the Hong Kong
Special
  nistrative Region to work and practise in the Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region.
  Central People's Government shall assist or authorise the Hong 
Kong
  ial Administrative Region Government to make appropriate 
arrangements
  reciprocal juridical assistance with foreign states.
  
  
  r the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region,
  ic servants previously serving in Hong Kong in all 
government
  rtment, including the police department, and members of the 
judiciary
  all remain in employment and continue their service 
with pay,
  wances, benefits and conditions of service no less 
favourable than
  re. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government 
shall pay
  uch persons who retire or complete their contracts, as well 
as to
  e who have retired before 1 July 1997, or to their dependants, 
all
  ions, gratuities, allowances and benefits due to them on terms
no less
  urable than before, and irrespective of their nationality or
place of
  dence.
  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may employ 
British
  other foreign nationals previously serving in the public 
service in
  Kong, and may recruit British and other foreign nationals 
holding
  anent identity cards of the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region to
  e as public servants at all levels, except as heads 
of major
  rnment departments (corresponding to branches or 
departments at
  etary level) including the police department, and as deputy 
heads of
  of those departments. The Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region
  rnment may also employ British and other foreign nationals as
advisers
  overnment departments and, when there is a need, may recruit
qualified
  idates from outside the Hong Kong Special Administrative 
Region to
  essional and technical posts in government departments, 
The above
  l be employed only in their individual capacities and, like 
other
  ic servants, shall be responsible to the  Hong  Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region Government.
  appointment and promotion of public servants shall be on the basis 
of
  ifications, experience and ability. Hong Kong's previous 
system of
  uitment, employment, assessment, discipline, training and 
management
  the public service (including special bodies for appointment, pay 
and
  itions of service) shall, save for any provisions providing
privileged
  tment for foreign nationals, be maintained.
  
  
  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall deal on its own 
with
  ncial matters, including disposing of its financial 
resources and
  ing up its budgets and its final accounts. The Hong Kong 
Special
  nistrative Region shall report its budgets and final accounts to 
the
  ral People's Government for the record.  The Central 
People's
  rnment shall not levy taxes on the Hong Kong Special 
Administrative
  on. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall 
use its
  ncial revenues exclusively for its own purposes and they shall
not be

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